people of nepal

Nepal is a meeting point between the Tibeto-Burmese people of the Himalayas and the Indo-Aryan people from the Indian plains. The people in different area are different. People can be divided to the people of the Terai, the hill areas or Pahar, and the Himalayas. Also these areas can be divided by west, east and the Kathmandu Valley. Each area has distinct ethnic groups that have attempted to the area where they live and the environment showing in the lifestyle and professions.

5.Protection from noise

Individuals can take many simple steps to protect themselves from the harmful effects of noise pollution. If people must be around loud sounds, they can protect their ears with ear plugs or ear protectors. They can muffle sound by using acoustic ceiling tiles, draperies, carpets, and sound-absorbing furniture in their homes, offices, and schools. They can also buy quieter models of machines and let store owners and manufacturers know that they prefer quieter products. Individuals can also help their communities investigate noise pollution and develop regulations to reduce the problem locally.
Some communities have enacted anti-noise ordinances. New York City issues fines to people who run excessively noisy air conditioners, to street construction crews whose equipment is too loud, and to impatient drivers who honk their horns. Police in Redondo Beach, California, can remove large speakers from cars if the music can be heard more than 50 ft (15.2 m) away. In 1999, a judge in Fort Lupton, Colorado, began sentencing teenagers convicted of playing their stereos at high volumes to time spent listening to court-selected vocal artists.
Communities can also reduce noise by locating freeways far from residential neighborhoods, by reducing the speed on freeways and other high-speed roads, by requiring developers to plant trees and shrubbery as sound mufflers, and by requiring people to build houses and other structures with materials that help absorb sound.
Many engineers are aware of the need to reduce noise pollution, and some of them are busy devising new ways to solve the noise problem. In Japan, Yokohama Tire Company has introduced a new high-performance tire that gives a quieter ride. Korean engineers have developed an anti-noise system for computers that reduces a typical noise level of 30 decibels to a nearly undetectable 20. United States researchers have invented a new composite consisting of alternating layers of sound-absorbing foam and sound-containing vinyl that can be placed in machinery housings to reduce noise. At the Georgia Institute of Technology, an inventor has developed a "quiet curtain" for nursing home patients who cannot sleep that is made of noise-absorbing materials that can reduce noise by 12 decibels. In Germany, roads are paved with materials that reduce sound, tires are manufactured to whine less, and lawn mowers and other equipment are designed to operate quietly. Manufacturers in some Australian states must label the noise level of products such as chain saws and lawn mowers.
As the human population continues to increase, the amount of noise in our world will also grow as we crowd together with gadgets, machines, and vehicles. To help ease the impact of this increasing amount of noise, some companies are developing a new technology called anti-noise. Anti-noise works by emitting a sound that exactly matches the noise. When the sound waves from the anti-noise device meet the sound waves from the noise, they cancel each other out. In such a case, no sound waves reach our ears; we do not hear the noise. Anti-noise can work as a kind of muffler on a noisy engine, or it can be built into headphones to silence all approaching noise. Even if we cannot eliminate noise pollution, we may be able to use anti-noise devices to escape some of the damage that noise can cause.

4. Harmful Effects

On Human Being, Animal and Property: Noise has always been with the human civilization but it was never so obvious, so intense, so varied & so pervasive as it is seen in the last of this century. Noise pollution makes men more irritable. The effect of noise pollution is multifaceted & inter related. The effects of Noise Pollution on Human Being, Animal and property are as follows:
I It decreases the efficiency of a man:- Regarding the impact of noise on human efficiency there are number of experiments which print out the fact that human efficiency increases with noise reduction. A study by Sinha & Sinha in India suggested that reducing industrial booths could improve the quality of their work. Thus human efficiency is related with noise.
II Lack of concentration:- For better quality of work there should be concentration , Noise causes lack of concentration. In big cities , mostly all the offices are on main road. The noise of traffic or the loud speakers of different types of horns divert the attention of the people working in offices.
III Fatigue:- Because of Noise Pollution, people cannot concentrate on their work. Thus they have to give their more time for completing the work and they feel tiring
IV Abortion is caused: - There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant sounds make a lady of irriative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in females.
V It causes Blood Pressure: - Noise Pollution causes certain diseases in human. It attacks on the person’s peace of mind. The noises are recognized as major contributing factors in accelerating the already existing tensions of modern living. These tensions result in certain disease like blood pressure or mental illness etc.
VI Temporary of permanent Deafness:- The effect of noise on audition is well recognized. Mechanics , locomotive drivers, telephone operators etc. All have their hearing . Impairment as a result of noise at the place of work. Physictist, physicians & psychologists are of the view that continued exposure to noise level above. 80 to 100 db is unsafe, Loud noise causes temporary or permanent deafness.
VII EFFECT ON VEGETATION Poor quality of Crops:- Now is well known to all that plants are similar to human being. They are also as sensitive as man. There should be cool & peaceful environment for their better growth. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops in a pleasant atmosphere.
VIII EFFECT ON ANIMAL:- Noise pollution damage the nervous system of animal. Animal looses the control of its mind. They become dangerous.
IX EFFECT ON PROPERTY:- Loud noise is very dangerous to buildings, bridges and monuments. It creates waves which struck the walls and put the building in danger condition. It weakens the edifice of buildings.

3. Sources of Noise Pollution

1. Road Traffic Noise:- In the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust system of autos , smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles. This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall buildings, which produce a canyon in which traffic noise reverberates.

2. Air Craft Noise: - Now-a-days , the problem of low flying military aircraft has added a new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation seeks to improve its nap-of the- earth aircraft operations over national parks, wilderness areas , and other areas previously unaffected by aircraft noise has claimed national attention over recent years.

3. Noise from railroads: - The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shunting operation in rail yards can impact neighboring communities and railroad workers. For example, rail car retarders can produce a high frequency, high level screech that can reach peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet, which translates to levels as high as 138, or 140 dB at the railroad worker’s ear.
4. Construction Noise:- The noise from the construction of highways , city streets , and buildings is a major contributor to the urban scene . Construction noise sources include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks (and their back-up signals), and pavement breakers.

5. Noise in Industry: - Although industrial noise is one of the less prevalent community noise problems, neighbors of noisy manufacturing plants can be disturbed by sources such as fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of buildings Interior noise can also be transmitted to the community through open windows and doors, and even through building walls. These interior noise sources have significant impacts on industrial workers, among whom noise- induced hearing loss is unfortunately common.

6. Noise in building: - Apartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the building is not well designed and constructed. In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying. Improperly insulated walls and ceilings can reveal the soundof-amplified music, voices, footfalls and noisy activities from neighboring units. External noise from emergency vehicles, traffic, refuse collection, and other city noises can be a problem for urban residents, especially when windows are open or insufficiently glazed.

7. Noise from Consumer products:- Certain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and some kitchen appliances have been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to the daily noise dose is usually not very large.

2 Measurement:-

A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise. The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold of hearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, on the scale acc. To smith, 20 db is whisper, 40 db the noise in a quiet office . 60 db is normal conversation, 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful.
The Noise quantum of some of the cities in our country indicate their pitch in decibel in the nosiest areas of corresponding cities, e.g. Delhi- 80 db, Kolkata - 87,Bombay-85, Chennai-89 db etc.
These are the few examples of threshold decibels of noises made:

Threshold of hearing 0 dB
Motorcycle (30 feet 88 dB
Rustling leaves 20 dB
Food blender (3 feet) 90 dB
Quiet whisper (3 feet) 30 dB
Diesel truck (30 feet) 100dB
Quiet street 50 dB
Power mower (3 feet) 107 dB
Normal conversation 60 dB
Inside car 70 dB
Chainsaw (3 feet) 117 dB

Loud singing (3 feet) 75 dB
Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet) 120 dB
Automobile (25 feet) 80 dB
Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB

1.Definition of Noise Pollution

The present generation and the coming generations have to solve three grave problems, namely, population poverty and pollution if they have to survive. Pollution being the most dangerous problem likes cancer in which death is sure but slow. Environment pollution is assuming dangerous proportions all through the globe This is the gift of modern living, industrialization and urbanization. Unless timely action is taken we have a forbid and bleak future for the world.
The word noise is derived from the Latin term nausea. It has been defined as unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears.1
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound, which pleases the listeners, is music and that which causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others2
Noise can be described as sound without agreeable musical quality or as an unwanted or undesired sound. Thus noise can be taken as a group of laud, non harmonious sounds or vibrations that are unpleasant and irritating to ear.

10.GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

Spillage, incorrect storage of chemicals or waste materials or unsuitable disposal activities can result in pollutants seeping through the soil, causing serious harm to groundwater – which is a vital source of drinking water. Chlorinated solvents are the most widespread and severe cause of groundwater pollution, and handling them requires special care. The Agencies have strong powers to take action relating to the storage, handling, use or disposal of certain dangerous substances posing a risk of contaminating groundwaters. The prior authorisation of the Agency is required before you dispose of wastes containing certain dangerous substances into or onto land, and advice on this is available from your local Agency office